NAD+ (Research Overview)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme present in all living cells. It is a small dinucleotide rather than a peptide, and it is a central molecule in studies of cellular energy metabolism, redox balance, and NAD+-consuming enzymes.
Mechanism of Action
NAD+ and its reduced form NADH act as the principal electron carriers in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The NAD+/NADH ratio is therefore a standard readout of cellular redox state in metabolic research.
NAD+ is also consumed as a substrate by three major enzyme families: the sirtuins (SIRT1–7), the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) involved in DNA-repair signaling, and the CD38/CD157 ectoenzymes. Because these enzymes deplete NAD+, researchers study how NAD+ availability and biosynthesis (including salvage-pathway enzymes such as NAMPT) shape their activity.
Research Areas
Published research has examined NAD+ metabolism in models of mitochondrial function, metabolic stress, and cellular aging, using it as an analytical standard, an assay cofactor, and a substrate in enzyme-activity studies.
Sirtuin and PARP assays commonly include NAD+ as a required cofactor, and several groups have characterized how tissue NAD+ levels change with age or metabolic challenge in animal models.
Findings from animal or in-vitro systems do not establish safety or efficacy for any indication and should not be interpreted as medical claims.
Specification summary
NAD+
Stated purity ≥99%. For laboratory research use only.
Related materials
References
- Verdin E. NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-13. PMID 26785480 · DOI
- Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. PMID 33353981 · DOI
- Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab. 2020;2(1):9-31. PMID 32694684 · DOI
- Chini CCS, Zeidler JD, Kashyap S, Warner G, Chini EN. Evolving concepts in NAD+ metabolism. Cell Metab. 2021;33(6):1076-1087. PMID 33930322 · DOI
- Burgos ES. NAMPT in regulated NAD biosynthesis and its pivotal role in human metabolism. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(13):1947-61. PMID 21517777 · DOI
Cited literature is provided for scientific context only and does not describe or endorse any use of these products.
For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.